Vaccination is often associated with childhood, but protection against infections remains important throughout adulthood. As people grow older, immunity against some infections may decrease, while the risk of complications from certain diseases can increase. Adults may also face new risks because of their occupation, travel, lifestyle or underlying health conditions.

For a healthy adult in India, vaccination is not about taking every available vaccine. Instead, it is about understanding which vaccines are appropriate based on age, previous vaccination history and individual risk. Keeping a record of previous vaccinations can help a doctor decide whether any doses or boosters are required.

We spoke to Dr Pooja Pillai, Consultant – Internal Medicine, Aster CMI Hospital, Bangalore, to understand which vaccines adults may need, who should consider them, and why staying up to date with vaccinations remains important throughout adulthood. 

Why are vaccines important?

Vaccines help the immune system recognise specific infections and prepare the body to respond to them more effectively. This can reduce the chances of developing certain infections and can lower the risk of serious complications.

Adult vaccination is particularly important because some infections can become more severe in older adults or people with conditions that affect their immune system. Vaccination can also help protect people around us, including young children, older family members and individuals who may have weaker immunity.

However, vaccination should be viewed as one part of preventive healthcare. Regular health check-ups, a balanced diet, physical activity, adequate sleep and good hygiene continue to play an important role in maintaining overall health.

What are the key vaccines for adults? 

Influenza vaccination: Seasonal flu can affect adults of all ages, but the risk of complications can be higher in older adults and people with certain health conditions. Annual influenza vaccination may be recommended, particularly for people at higher risk.

Tetanus and diphtheria protection: Adults should maintain protection against tetanus and diphtheria. Booster doses may be required periodically, depending on previous vaccination and individual circumstances. Tetanus protection is also particularly important when someone sustains certain types of wounds.

Common myths about adult vaccination?

1: Vaccines are only necessary for children.

Protection against several infections remains important during adulthood, and some vaccines are specifically relevant to adults.

2: If I feel healthy, I do not need vaccination.

Being healthy does not mean that you are protected against every vaccine-preventable infection.

3: Once vaccinated as a child, I never need another vaccine.

Some vaccines require adult boosters, while others may become relevant because of age or changing risk factors.

4: Missing a vaccine means there is no point taking it later.

In many situations, catch-up vaccination can still provide protection. The appropriate approach depends on the vaccine and the individual’s vaccination history.

5: Everyone needs the same vaccines.

Adult vaccination is individualised. Age, previous vaccination, occupation, travel and health conditions can all influence recommendations.

Pertussis protection: Pertussis, commonly known as whooping cough, can cause prolonged coughing and may be particularly serious for infants. Adult vaccination against pertussis may be recommended in specific situations, including during pregnancy, to help protect both the mother and newborn.

Hepatitis B vaccination: Hepatitis B affects the liver and can sometimes lead to long-term liver disease. Adults who have not been vaccinated earlier may need vaccination, particularly if they have an increased risk of exposure through healthcare work, blood exposure or other circumstances.

Hepatitis A vaccination: Hepatitis A is an infection that primarily affects the liver. Vaccination may be considered for adults who have particular exposure risks or are travelling to areas where the infection is more common.

HPV vaccination: Human papillomavirus, or HPV, is a common infection that can be associated with several cancers and other health problems. HPV vaccination provides the greatest benefit when given before exposure to the virus, but some adults may still be eligible depending on their age and circumstances.

Pneumococcal vaccination: Pneumococcal infections can cause illnesses such as pneumonia and other serious infections. Vaccination becomes particularly relevant with increasing age and for people with certain medical conditions or weakened immunity.

Shingles vaccination: Shingles occurs when the virus responsible for chickenpox becomes active again later in life. The risk generally increases with age. Vaccination may therefore be recommended for older adults and certain people with increased risk.

MMR and chickenpox vaccination: Adults who do not have evidence of previous vaccination or immunity against measles, mumps, rubella or chickenpox may need vaccination. The requirement depends on their vaccination history and individual circumstances.

Other vaccines, including those for diseases such as typhoid, Japanese encephalitis, meningococcal disease and rabies, may be appropriate for particular adults based on travel, occupation, geographical exposure or other risk factors.

Who should get vaccinated?

Adult vaccination is relevant to most people, but the specific vaccines required can differ considerably.

Healthy young adults may primarily need to ensure that their childhood vaccinations are complete and that appropriate adult boosters are up to date. Older adults may require additional protection against infections that become more serious with age.

Healthcare professionals, laboratory workers, people with certain chronic conditions, individuals with weakened immunity and frequent travellers may have additional vaccination requirements. Pregnant women may also be advised to receive specific vaccines at particular stages of pregnancy.

People who have been bitten or scratched by an animal should seek medical attention immediately because rabies vaccination after exposure is a separate, urgent medical consideration.

Also read: Flu, COVID and RSV vaccines cut risk of hospitalisation, new review finds